Moreover, comparative effectiveness research often focuses on a specific effect of complementary treatment through standardized and ideal situations that are not representative of clinical practice. ![]() Nevertheless, even though interest in complementary therapies has increased in the past two decades, the evidence of their efficacy and effectiveness is still understudied. Furthermore, compared to other chronic conditions (e.g., depression, breathing problems, diabetes) chronic pain conditions relied more on complementary treatments such as mind-body therapies (e.g., hypnosis). A study showed that 24.6% of people in Belgium used complementary treatments (e.g., acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, massage therapy) during the 12 months prior to the study. Altogether, these studies demonstrate the complex and entangled processes at play in chronic pain and the need to rely on the biopsychosocial model in order to further understand and elaborate efficient treatments.Ĭomplementary treatments are increasingly used by patients and are becoming more accepted in Europe. Furthermore, a study showed that chronic pain patients with an external locus of control, exhibited maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., helplessness) and were more prone to catastrophize and avoid increasing their activity in order to cope with pain. While some beliefs are considered to be adaptive (e.g., the fact that the emotional state influences pain), when such beliefs are altered, they could have a deleterious impact in the coping strategies that chronic pain patients use in their everyday life. In addition, the chronic state of pain is often accompanied by changes in cognition, i.e., attitudes and beliefs towards pain, that are more consistent with patients’ persistent pain experience. A high prevalence of insomnia (53%) is also reported in chronic pain, with a positive correlation to anxiety and depression levels experienced by patients. Various psychological factors such as anxiety and depression have been linked to chronic pain. Chronic pain has been defined as a prolonged and persistent pain, lasting for more than 3 months beyond the expected healing period of tissue pathology. The former acts as a protective and adaptive signal regarding one’s body integrity, while the latter loses its alarm signal and becomes an entity in its own right. Pain can be further classified into two categories: acute and chronic pain. ![]() ![]() Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associate with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage” in which sensory perceptions, emotional and cognitive processes intricately interact with one another. ![]() Aminata Bicego, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1, 2, * Justine Monseur, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing, 3 Alain Collinet, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 4 Anne-Françoise Donneau, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing, 3 Robert Fontaine, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 5 Dominique Libbrecht, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 5 Nicole Malaise, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing, 5 Anne-Sophie Nyssen, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, 1, 2 Mélissa Raaf, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 5 Floriane Rousseaux, Writing – review & editing, 1, 2 Irène Salamun, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing, 5 Cécile Staquet, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 5 Sandrine Teuwis, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 5 Marco Tomasella, Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing, 5 Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing, # 1, 5 and Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing # 1, 5, *
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